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Standoff-mode turns Emacs into a tagger for annotating texts. In contrast to internal markup, when creating stand-off markup, aka external markup, no tags are inserted into the document. But the annotations are stored somewhere else and refer the annotated file by character offsets.
Standoff-mode lets you create different types of annotations: a) markup elements, i.e. passages or spans of your text, b) relations, which interrelate two such markup elements in a directed fashion, c) Attributes on markup elements, which are key-value pairs, d) free text comments on one (or more) markup elements.